(Ottoman Empire), 1750-1914

Political:

• military decline since seventeenth century
• janissaries became corrupt
• loss of territory ( Muhammad Ali in Egypt for example)
• tanzimat reform (Young Ottomans wanted more reform)
• pattern of governmental overthrow ( Mahmud II and Young Turks)

Economic:

• economic difficulty since seventeenth century
• inability to collect taxes- governors became independent
• less trade; exported raw materials;led to European dependence; which led to capitulations
• reform attempts were unsuccessful

Religious:

• Islam
• over time government became increasingly secularized

Social:

• several attempted reforms; educational, legal, and infrastructure
• adopted European traditions

Intellectual:

• modernized educational system (no more mosque schools)
• Eurpean science and technology

(Technology):

• Euorpean science and technology (Ottomans were behind in technology; always used second hand Euopean technology)

Near Geographic:

• Middle East
• loss of territory